What characterizes a mental disability?

A mental disability is characterized primarily by significantly below average intellectual functioning, often indicated by an IQ score below 70, along with accompanying deficits in adaptive behavior. Adaptive behavior refers to the skills needed for daily living, such as communication, social skills, and self-care. This definition aligns with the criteria established by the DSM-5 and other disability classifications, highlighting the importance of both cognitive ability and the practical skills necessary to function in society.

By focusing on the deficits in both intelligence and adaptive behavior, it clearly distinguishes mental disabilities from other conditions, such as specific learning disabilities or high intellectual capability, which do not meet the criteria set for a mental disability. Thus, this understanding is crucial for accurately identifying and providing the necessary support and interventions for individuals with mental disabilities.