What does the Intelligence Quotient (IQ) measure?

The Intelligence Quotient (IQ) specifically measures cognitive ability, which encompasses a range of mental functions such as reasoning, problem-solving, planning, abstract thinking, complex idea comprehension, and learning from experience. IQ tests are designed to assess an individual's intellectual potential and provide an indication of their cognitive capabilities relative to a typical population.

Cognitive ability is distinct from emotional intelligence, which involves recognizing and managing one’s own emotions and recognizing the emotions of others; physical fitness, which relates to the body's ability to perform physical tasks; and social skills, which pertain to interacting effectively with others. While emotional intelligence, physical fitness, and social skills are important aspects of a person's overall capabilities, they are not what IQ tests are designed to measure. The focus of IQ assessments is purely on intellectual performance and cognitive processes.