Which group of students does English as a Second Language (ESL) focus on?

The focus of English as a Second Language (ESL) is specifically on students who speak English as a second language. This includes individuals who may have varying degrees of proficiency in English but are not native speakers. The goal of ESL programs is to help these students improve their English language skills, including listening, speaking, reading, and writing, to enhance their ability to communicate effectively in an English-speaking environment.

This approach recognizes that learners may come from diverse linguistic backgrounds and possess different levels of prior knowledge. By targeting those who are learning English as a secondary language, ESL programs aim to provide tailored instruction that meets their specific needs, ultimately helping them integrate into mainstream education and society.

In contrast, other groups mentioned in the options do not align with the primary purpose of ESL. Students who have never learned English would typically start with foundational language acquisition strategies rather than ESL programs, which are designed for those who already have some exposure to English. Similarly, students with advanced English skills may not require ESL services, as they are often already proficient and can navigate English effectively. Lastly, students in special education programs may receive specialized support tailored to their unique learning requirements, which is distinct from the objectives of ESL instruction.